There are diverse handwoven carpet tradition in India, from the Persian inspired carpets of Kashmir to woolen dhurries of Rajasthan. Among these is carpets of Himachal Pradesh known for their rustic charm and bold patterns. This craft has been continuing for centuries in Himachal Pradesh, locally known as ‘Galicha’, these carpets are woven with striking motifs and bold colours which are one of the symbolic elements of Himachali culture. While shawls and other woollen items are well known, the art of carpet weaving is one of the lesser known yet deeply rooted traditions for the communities in this region.
Carpets from this region reflects on the tradition, skill and sustainability. Even with competition from the textile industries the carpets made by the people are distinct for their authenticity and handwoven beauty. In a larger sense Indian carpet weaving, Himachali carpets shows regional craftmanship and adaptability to continue with the tradition passed down generations of the weaving techniques.
Source: Pinterest
Origin
Carpet weaving is linked with the migrations and cultural exchanges in that region. It is said that this craft arrived through the Tibetan and Central Asian influence, especially in the areas of Spiti, Lahaul and Kinnaur. Initially this was confined as a household craft with locally sourced sheep wool. The women in districts like Chamba, Kangra and Kullu engaged in spinning, dyeing and weaving these carpets in the colder months. Later this became a form of artistic work and incorporated motifs, nature and geometric elements. As the demand for the carpets grew, organised centers for carpet weaving began to emerge. In places like Dharamshala and Bir the Tibetan style of carpet weaving was preserved and showed way for the Himachali carpet weaving to emerge blending local styles with the Tibetan influence.
Source: vastrashilpakosh.in
Process
Weaving of the carpets is labour intensive and needs patience and precision. The following is the production steps for making the carpets:
1. Preparation
Locally sourced wool specifically from sheep is collected for the base. The wool is then cleaned, carded and spun using a spinning wheel or spindle.
2. Dyeing
Natural colours from plants and minerals were used traditionally. Colours like red, yellow, blue and black are commonly used. Synthetic dyes are also used these days as they are easily accessed.
3. Design
The design is decided and this planning ensures symmetry and balance for the desired effect.
4. Weaving
The carpets are then woven on wooden looms using the ‘knotting’ technique. Tibetan knotting style is also used in the areas with the Tibetan influence. The process is slow but does ensure durability and precision of design.
5. Finishing
Once the carpet is complete it is sheared to even the surface and is washed to remove the excess particles and sun dried. The finished product is soft, sturdy and vibrant.
Source: BaazKart
Motifs
The motifs on the carpets represents the regions cultural and nature inspired elements. Wildflowers and rivers are created into geometric patterns. Floral motifs like poppy, lotus and alpine are seen on the carpets showcasing the connection with the nature. There are also geometric patters like diamonds and lines representing the mountain ranges. In the areas with strong Tibetan influence like Dharmashala. We see symbols such as the conch and Dharmachakra( Wheels of Dharma) which adds the spiritual meaning to the designs. Animal motifs such as birds, deer and horses are also used as motifs. Another feature is that the elaborative borders of the carpets frames the central design which gives a balanced look overall. The borders are mainly waves, vines or in geometric chain design. These motifs bring together the culture, creativity of the artisans and connection with the nature.
Challenges
A craft which needs precision, patience and was passed down through generations does not have the same response from the younger generations of the artisans. They prefer to work in the urban areas than to continue on this traditional artwork. Another reason would be the competition from the textile industries that produce the carpets faster and are comparatively costing lesser than the handwoven ones. Since the handwoven process is time consuming and production costs remain high this makes it difficult to compete in the markets. Commercialization has also simplified the designs and the culturally significant designs are lost over the period of time.
Source : KGN Marble Inlay
Protecting the craft
With the cultural importance of this craft several efforts have been taken to preserve and promote carpet weaving. The Himachal Pradesh Handicrafts and Handloom Corporation has helped to run training centers and support artisans with marketing platforms and financial schemes. There are efforts to obtain GI( Geographical Indication) to protect and highlight the regional authenticity. Exhibitions and Fairs are also providing platforms to showcase the artwork to a larger audience. There are places that shows weaving demonstrations to tourists in popular destinations like Dharamshala and Kullu for awareness and appreciation.
Source: Japji Travel
Conclusion
Preserving and promoting this weaving tradition is important to continue on this cultural and artistic tradition. The tradition comes from the fusion of local and Tibetan influences, and the carpets stand out for their colours and craftmanship. The weaving has also empowered women especially in the rural areas and a platform to show their artistic abilities. The ecofriendly spinning and use of natural dyes help in the sustainable process of the weaving. The motifs are more than just designs but are the examples of life in the Himachal.
Even with the modern challenges, institutional support and platform to showcase helps to carry forwards this craft. By valuing and supporting the Himachali galicha we help keep alive the tradition reflecting on the history and motifs. The process handcrafted speaks of patience, dedication and skill of the artisans. When we choose a Himachali galicha we bring home a story and piece of the Himachal.
References
https://www.india-travel.com/himachal/handi-rugs.htm
https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/340/indian-carpet-industry