The Infanta Maria Anne of Spain, future Queen of Hungary

Painted in 1622, The Infanta Maria Anne of Spain, future Queen of Hungary, is a remarkable example of early 17th-century Spanish Habsburg court portrait painting. It was inherited from court painter Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, an outstanding pupil of whom Rodrigo de Villandrando followed the example and inherited a rigidly hierarchical portrait tradition that had been in effect during the reign of Philip II, but had been closely guarded by Alonso Sánchez Coello and Antonis Mor. The portrait is of Infanta María Ana of Austria (1606–46), daughter of King Philip III and Margaret of Austria. When she was executed, she was at the heart of European dynastic politics, most notably when she was involved in the “Spanish Match” with Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles I of England), before marrying her cousin, Ferdinand III, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor. In the image, Villandrando depicts the young Infanta in a grand pose, placing her foot on a small side table, covered with dark cloth. She is holding a complicated, lace-trimmed folded fan in her left hand, and placing her right hand lightly on the table’s surface. Her dress, a rich crimson Spanish doublet (saya) and stiffened skirt ornamented with silver and gold metallic thread, which was fastened with a pleated linen ruff (lechuguilla), is a visual expression of the authority of the imperial court, dynastic wealth, and moral correctness. The extraordinary renderings of the textiles, gem-like decorations, and lace show Villandrando’s virtuosity. In the course of a major technical restoration at the Museo del Prado (2011–2013), the conservators uncovered the signature of Villandrando on a paper slip (cartellino or billete) under the side table, thus establishing the attribution and providing clues about the painter’s last works before he was replaced at court by Diego Velázquez in 1623.