Emperor's March to Kashmir

Emperor's March to Kashmir, painted by Abanindranath Tagore (1871-1951) at the beginning of 1920, is a significant work of art for the Bengal School of Art. It belongs to the period of great cultural awareness in British India and embodies the idea at the heart of the Bengal School's methods. The artist preferred Indian art to Western realism and accepted the idea of traditional Indian miniature painting as the best fit for that purpose. The art relates to the past of Indian emperors, mainly Mughal ones, like Jahangir or Shah Jahan, whenever they decided to go for seasonal travels to Kashmir. Tagore's vision is nostalgic and idyllic without care of military solutions. The image captures the beauty of the majestic royal caravan that is travelling through a misty atmospheric landscape. Central to the entire imagery is the large elephant carrying an important political figure, probably the Emperor himself, who is placed safely inside an elaborately decorated howdah (a kind of royal carriage). There is a big ornamented umbrella that serves to cover the person; this umbrella symbolizes royalty in ancient India, protection by gods, and state power. The elephant is dressed in luxurious cloth and traditional trappings which indicate the riches of the royal court. Other elephants, attendants, and noble characters wearing nice outfits are accompanying the central elephant. Painted in watercolor and tempera using Tagore’s special wash technique, this artwork is a fine example of Tagore’s ability to blend various cultural influences of Asia. Tagore developed a method of applying layers of watercolor and tempera and washing them with water and repainting over and over again, which was inspired by Japanese artists Okakura Kakuzo and Yokoyama Taikan. The consecutive washing produces soft contours and creates a hazy effect in contrast with rigid oil tradition of colonial art schools. The color palette is very inconspicuous as it consists of earthy hues, soft gold, ochre, and deep brown shades. Such limited color palette serves to create a contemplative mood of the work and give it an antique-like look. Representations of royal Indian history were closely connected with the Swadeshi movement during the early 20th century. Using the image of a famous journey to Kashmir makes the allegory of courage, strength, and cultural independence clearer. The mist surrounding the procession both describes the harsh climate of the trip to Kashmir and conveys the idea of the long-gone imperial history being slowly unfolded through art. The serene elegance of the figures makes the painting different from European theatricality, which can be seen as the representation of Tagore's aesthetic theory principles. The artwork turns the simple historical event into a creative contemplation about a journey, power, and cultural tradition.