The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, USA. 52.20.9a
Location History:
Victor Goloubew, Paris (in 1929); Dikran G. Kelekian (American, born Turkey), New York (by 1933–d. 1951; his estate, New York, 1951–52;sold to MMA)
This manuscript folio illustrates a conflict from the Persian national epic, the Shahnama, written by Ferdowsi. The illustrator of this particular folio was Muhammad ibn Taj al-Din Haidar Muzahhib Shirazi, commonly known as Haidar. This illustration is dense with combat, warriors and horses engaged in battle, the drums of war beating alongside the blaring horns, the banners flying, this battle rages on as the elements above create a rhythmic sense of movement across the page. The Iranian hero Rustam wears a plumed white leopard skin headdress as he neatly disposes one of his opponents. The Iranians are fighting their archenemies, the Turanians. The Turanians are wearing variations of contemporary Ottoman clothing, voluminous turbans and headdresses, while using chained artillery. The intricate gold ornamentation and refined decorative details demonstrate the Safavid court's appreciation for books as a form of art as well as literature. Broader characteristics of Safavid manuscript painting are present such as vibrant colour palettes, great attention to detail, flattened spatial arrangements and integration of text and image into a singular visual experience. Scenes of combat in Persian manuscripts often go beyond historical documentation, serving instead as symbolic representations of kingship, heroism and the perpetual struggle between order and chaos. The Turanians' clothing and military equipment associated with the contemporary Ottoman Empire, like the Ottoman-style headdresses and chained artillery suggest that the ancient conflict described in the Shahnama was reinterpreted through the political realities of the sixteenth century. Inscriptions include Persian in nast’liq script, part of a poem of the Shāhnama of Ferdowsī:
رزم رستم با شنگل (The fight of Rustam with Shangul).
There are two titles in these two pages, but in the published Shāhnama there is only the title above.
The two titles are:
رزم شنگال ... با رستم (The fight of Shangāl … with Rustam) and رزم مغلوبۀ ایران و توران (The beaten fight of Iran and Tūrān).
At first glance, the composition is a dizzying vortex of violence—swords clashing, horses trampling, and warriors dying. However, when you look closer, the painting completely strips war of its real-world horror. By flattening the perspective and treating every element with meticulous, jewel-like precision, the artist transforms a brutal slaughter into an elegant, rhythmic ballet. it can also be interpreted as a profound meditation on the inescapable nature of human fate (ruzgar) and the subversion of violence through cosmic order. The blood and terror are secondary to the visual harmony. This suggests a philosophical perspective rooted deeply in the Shahnama itself: that earthly conflicts, no matter how chaotic they feel to those trapped within them, are merely threads in a larger, pre-ordained cosmic tapestry. The placement of the text blocks at the bottom of the page acts as a literal and metaphorical foundation. While the battle rages and swirls unpredictably across the upper registers of the page, the geometric, stable text blocks remain unyielding.
This layout can be interpreted as the triumph of poetic immortality over transient physical struggle. The warriors will die, empires will fall, and the battle lines will blur, but their actions have already been frozen in time and destiny by the word of the poet. The physical movement of the painting flows downward into the text, implying that all human action ultimately serves to fulfill written destiny.