Mirza Abu'l-Hasan Khan Ghaffari widely known by his royal title 'Sani al-Mulk" which meant craftsman or Painter of the Kingdom. Sani al-Mulk was from a prominent family of artists that produced multiple generations of painters. He received his foundational training from his father before becoming a prime pupil of Mihr 'Ali the acclaimed court painter to Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. He became a preeminent painter, mastering miniatures and lacquers. He is historically celebrated for bridging classical Persian aesthetics with European-inspired realism, laying vital groundwork for modern Iranian art instruction.

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