"Asvatthama Fires the Narayana Weapon (Cosmic Fire) at the Pandavas: Folio from a Razmnama" (ca. 1616–1617) is a painted page from the Persian version of the Mahabharata, known as the Razmnama, which was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. In 1574, he started a Maktab Khana (or rather, a House of Translation) in his new capital at Fatehpur Sikri, where he assigned a group to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language, which was the literary language of the Mughal court. The Mahabharata is one of the two major ancient Indian maha-kavyas (the other one being the Ramayana), composed by Sage Vyasa, detailing the dynastic conflict between the Pandavas and Kauravas that culminated in the 18-day Kurukshetra War. And this painting shows a very important moment from the 15th day of the war, where Asvatthama releases the deadly Narayanastra against the Pandava army. Although, this specific painting was not made for the Emperor himself, but for a very powerful nobleman named Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, who was a top general and a deeply learned man who loved art and literature; this painting still becomes a very important example of how Indian stories were retold and painted in a new style during the Mughal period, bringing together Persian, Indian, and courtly ideas, all into one image.
If we look at the actual event, this moment unfolds on the 15th day of the war, when it became evident that Dronacharya, the teacher of both the Pandavas and the Kauravas, who was causing total destruction on the battlefield was nearly impossible to defeat; under Krishna's authorization, the Pandavas decided to spread a false rumour of the death of Asvatthama, Dronacharya's son. To make it technically true without actually killing the son, Bhima killed an elephant that was also named Asvatthama and shouted the news. However, the sage, doubting the words of a warrior, approached Yudhisthira instead, knowing that the virtuous Pandava had never uttered a lie in his life and asked if it was true. It was then that Yudhisthira, who was known for his honesty, spoke the cryptic words: "Asvatthama hataha, narova kunjarova" (Asvatthama is dead, whether human or elephant). And at that precise moment, under Krishna's instruction, the conch shells and drums of the Pandava army sounded loud, masking the second half of the sentence, allowing Dronacharya to hear only that his son was dead, which led him to lay down his weapons and submit to death, before being beheaded by Dhrishtadyumna. Here, it is recorded that as Yudhisthira uttered this half-lie, his chariot, which had always flown two inches above the ground, instantly touched the earth. However, when Asvatthama found out that his father had been killed through a trick while he was unarmed, he was enraged. He felt that the Pandavas had broken all the rules of fair war, and it was then he decided to take revenge and release the the Narayanastra, a weapon of the god Vishnu that no warrior could stop by force, against the Pandavas.
The Narayanastra was not like any ordinary weapon used in battle; it was said to produce an intense form of cosmic fire, spreading across the battlefield and attacking anyone who tried to resist it, its attack intensifying with the target's resistance. The more the soldiers fought back, the stronger and more destructive it became. At this point, Krishna instructed the Pandavas and their army to immediately lay down their weapons and surrender, as this was the only way to survive its force. Those who obeyed remained unharmed, while those who continued to resist were destroyed by the weapon. This is the exact moment that the painting chooses to represent.
It is important to note that the paintings in the Razmnama were made by a team of court painters, and not just one artist, which is why it becomes difficult to point to a single name for this work. Like many other Mughal paintings, it was produced in a royal workshop, where different artists worked together, some focusing on drawing the figures, others on applying colours, and the rest adding finer details. As a result, the exact individual artist of this painting is not clearly known, although we do know that several important painters were active in the Mughal court, such as Basawan and Daswanth, among others. So even if the work is not signed, it can still be understood as belonging to that same artistic environment.
These artists were trained in the Persian style, but they also learned from Indian traditions. Therefore, this painting is not just capturing a particular moment, but it also becomes culturally important, as it brings together a mixing of cultures, the royal interest in Indian texts, and the growth of Mughal painting, which had influences from both Persian and Indian styles. Not only does this show a Hindu maha-kavya being told through a Mughal court lens, but it also reflects Akbar’s idea of unity among cultures, keeping this ancient story alive in a new language and form.
If we look further, this painting shows clear features of early Mughal style, with very fine and detailed work, as seen in the figures, weapons, and movements, where every element is carefully shown. Then we have the use of bright colours, like reds, blues, and gold-like tones, which bring more energy to the scene. The crowded composition becomes another important feature, where many figures fill the space, showing the chaos of the war. And most importantly, the use of space here appears flat, and does not follow Western depth rules, but still feels active and easy to understand. There is a very beautiful mix of the Persian sense of neatness and the Indian way of storytelling, both clearly visible in this painting.
When we look at the composition itself, the scene is immediately striking because of its intense energy, and our eyes are drawn straight to the center, where a massive wall of orange and yellow fire cuts across the page. This is the Narayanastra. The artist has painted it like a wave of heat, clearly showing the "cosmic fire" that Asvatthama had unleashed. As for the figures, starting from the bottom left, we see soldiers in red, green, and purple, along with a charioteer and his horses on the extreme edge of the painting. These are the Pandava soldiers following the orders of Krishna; they are shown getting down from their mounts and putting away their weapons in order to save themselves from the fire. If we look closely at the bottom centre, the chaos and panic become very clear, as these figures appear confused and unsure of what to do. This is further shown through their slightly disproportionate gazes, which adds a sense of unease to the scene. One soldier is looking to the left (of the painting, but his right side), possibly towards his companions, while pointing towards his weapon, suggesting that they must give it up and surrender instead of resisting. He has already descended from his mount and seems to be urging the others to do the same. The soldier next to him, also on foot, faces the fire, as if trying to see whether surrender will actually save them; his posture suggests both caution and readiness. Meanwhile, the two figures still on horseback, facing in different directions, further add to the sense of confusion, as they seem to be preparing to give up their weapons, though with some hesitation. Just above them, on the middle left, there is a group of ascetic-looking figures, with long hair and simple garments, who can be identified as sages or rishis, possibly figures like Vyasa or Narada. They are often shown as witnesses to such major events, and here they already appear to have surrendered, with their hands raised, standing calmly in contrast to the panic below. Moving to the middle right, we see a group of warriors on horseback. The figure in the rich yellow garment is most likely Arjuna, indicated by the sheaf of arrows he carries, while the figure in vermillion can be understood as Bhima. According to the narrative, Bhima initially refused to surrender and had to be restrained and pulled down from his mount, and here too he appears ready to fight, while the other figure seems to be trying to restrain him and make him follow Krishna's advice. Their gestures and expressions show tension, hesitation, and urgency, which brilliantly captures the exact moment of realization. Finally, in the upper right corner, standing on higher ground behind the wall of flames, we see Asvatthama along with another warrior, both mounted on horseback. They appear much calmer than the rest, almost observing the destruction from a distance. Although the original story places him on a chariot, the Mughal artist has instead shown him on horseback, dressed in Mughal-style clothing, which clearly reflects the artistic conventions of the time. Further, the placement of all these figures clearly creates a divide between the one who has released the fire and those who are trying to survive it. Therefore, the painting captures not just the reactions of the Pandavas, but that precise moment where action, reaction, and consequence are all shown together within the same space and same time, another very important feature of the Mughal style of paintings.
Therefore, "Asvatthama Fires the Narayana Weapon (Cosmic Fire) at the Pandavas: Folio from a Razmnama" (ca. 1616–1617) becomes much more than just a visual from a war scene, as it brings together a powerful moment from the Mahabharata with the artistic and cultural setting of the Mughal court. Through its detailed style, its workshop method of production, and its blending of Persian and Indian elements, the painting reflects a time when stories were not only being retold, but also reshaped in new forms. At the same time, by showing the moment of the Narayanastra, it captures both the intensity of the battlefield and the idea that not all battles are won through force. Therefore, this painting stands as an important example of how art, literature, and culture come together, where a single scene is able to carry historical, artistic, and cultural meaning all at once.
