Introduction
India is a land of rich culture and diversity, with each state having something unique to offer to its people. One such state is Rajasthan, which is also called the desert state, and consists of the large stretch of arid desert called marusthali is home to one of the distinct and unique forms of dance, which is more than just a dance form and shows the culture and the dignity of the Rajasthani people, especially the western Rajasthan part of Jaisalmer. Recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage, the Kalbeliya dance offers a one-of-a-kind experience. It is not just a dance form; it also demonstrates the physical prowess, flexibility, and cultural significance.
How the dance form Originate?
A perfect example of cultural exhibition, kalbeliya dance offers a peculiar experience to the people, leaving them spellbound. Historically, the snake charmers, the Kalbeliyas, come from the family who used to trade the snake venom. The dance is traditionally performed by the members of the Kalbeliya community, a nomadic tribe of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan who used to handle the snakes, and thus comes from the word “kal,” meaning snake. The men and women of the community would carry snakes in baskets as they traveled from place to place. The women would dance and sing, earning their livelihood through these performances.
This traditional and breathtaking dance form symbolizes the graceful and winding movements of a serpent or snake. As they used to earn their livelihood with the trade of the snake venom, they had to leave their traditional practice due to the enactments of the law by the government, “the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972,” outlawing all forms of wild animal capture and domestication, and thus the community members had to stop the activity of handling snakes. As a result, their primary source of income became dance and music, which gained widespread recognition.
Cultural Significance
Kalbelia dance is not just about the dance and music; it encompasses a whole experience. It is a fusion of customs, values, heritage, and flexibility. It demonstrates how the people of this community evolved over time and shared their traditional customs and beliefs through a dance form. It comprises a male performer who typically plays a traditional instrument like the dholak or the been, while the female counterpart gracefully performs dances that symbolize the fluid movements of a snake, with the rhythm gradually increasing in speed.
The lyrics of the kalbeliya song are not predetermined or scripted and are usually improvised during the performance. It comprises the tales of the local inhabitants or the legends and customs or some songs that celebrate the beauty of nature. Thus, dancing and singing serve as a medium to express their culture and belief system through storytelling in the form of kalbeliya dance.
Fashion and attire:
The kalbeliya dance holds great significance for the members of the kalbeliya community, and they perform it with great precision and grace. One of the most noticeable aspects of the Kalbeliya dance is the unique attire or costume worn by the performers. Their dresses are like a dazzling display, providing a visual treat for the viewers.
It comprises-
The ghagra (skirt): is a long, flowing black skirt that is adorned with intricate embellishments. With beads and fragments of glasses. This enhances the fluidity of the dancer’s movements, showcasing graceful motions that resemble the slithering of a serpent.
Choli and odhni : a blouse that is often embellished and a veil that is adorned and worn around the shoulders.
The dancers adorn themselves with heavy silver or oxidized jewelry, such as bangles, anklets, earrings, and belts, which create a melodic sound as they dance.
The makeup is applied heavily to enhance their appearance and make them more expressive. The costumes and accessories not only serve a visual purpose but also hold symbolic meaning. The black skirt represents the serpent’s movement, while the embellishments on it symbolize the glistening scales of the snake.
Dance movements
The dancers are remarkably limber and execute awe-inspiring acrobatics. The choreography includes fluid hand and torso movements that mimic the serpentine motions of the snake. Occasionally, they balance utensils, one or more on their heads, or employ swords and blades to execute challenging actions. Despite its demanding physicality, the dance appears effortless, thanks to the extensive training and hard work put in by the dancers.
Modern Reimaginings
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This ancient dance art form has gained immense popularity and recognition as one of the most well-known Indian traditional folk dances on a national and international scale. The kalbeliya dance is being celebrated as a symbol of national pride in the tourism industry.
Padmashri Dr. Gulabo Sapera received recognition for her captivating dance performances and traditional folk music in various exhibitions. After returning from the United States, she started performing regularly in India and other countries. With the backing of governments and institutions, Kalbeliya dancers are now able to showcase their talents in various venues.
Preservation of Kalbeliya Dance
Despite its increasing popularity, the kalbeliya dance faces challenges such as cultural neglect, social exclusion, and the changing lifestyle habits of the kalbeliya community. Private individuals, organizations, and even the government have taken certain measures to preserve this art form for future generations.
1: UNESCO acknowledgment. The dance gained global recognition and garnered heightened respect after it was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2010, solidifying its place among the world’s cultural treasures. This generated worldwide enthusiasm for capturing and sharing the dance.
2: Government and non-governmental organization aid. Regional organizations have initiated cultural events, conducting seminars and sessions, and organizing kalbeliya dance festivals in partnership with private institutions. Nonprofit organizations primarily concentrate on education, mentorship, and providing support for the development of creative individuals. By doing so, the rich cultural heritage of these individuals can be safeguarded and their economic well-being can be improved.
3: Public gatherings and transportation. The advertised folk Kalbeliya dance is now commonly showcased at Rajasthani folk fairs like the Pushkar Fair, Jaipur Literature Festival, and Desert Festival in Jaisalmer.
Conclusion
Folk dances are still very important in rural and indigenous communities around the world, although time has worn away the cultural traditions of the past due to new scientific and technological discoveries, urbanization, changes in interpersonal relationships. Kalbeliya dance is not simply a colorful and enthralling form of art—it is a living representation of the Kalbeliya people’s vibrant cultural heritage and strength. With its elegant, snake-like movements and bold costumes, this dance not only enthralls viewers but also preserves time-honored tradition through rhythm and narrative. Attained by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, Kalbeliya dance still flourishes, reflecting the spirit, imagination, and abiding heritage of Rajasthan’s nomadic communities. As it wins international acclaim, it is a potent reminder of the beauty and diversity of India’s folk heritage.
References:
https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/view/464/627
https://www.ethnicrajasthan.com/blogs/blog/kalbeliya-dance-of-rajasthan
https://indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/performing-arts/kalbelia